Landscaping Eldorado Springs

Landscaping Eldorado Springs

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Understanding Eldorado Springs Unique Environment


Eldorado Springs, nestled in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, offers a truly unique environment that can be both a challenge and a joy for anyone looking to landscape in the area. Its not just about planting some flowers and calling it a day; theres so much more to consider! The diverse ecology and varying elevations can really shape how you approach your garden design.


First off, the climate here is a bit tricky. It's not unusual for temperatures to swing wildly, meaning you can have warm sunny days followed by sudden cold snaps. So, when choosing plants, you've gotta think about hardiness. Native plants are often the best choice since they're already adapted to the regions conditions. You wouldn't want to waste time and money on plants that just won't survive the winter, right?


Moreover, the soil in Eldorado Springs can be quite rocky and dry. It's definitely not the typical, rich loamy soil you'd find elsewhere. That said, you can't just throw your hands up in defeat! With a little bit of amending and smart planning, you can create a thriving landscape. Adding organic material, like compost, can help improve nutrient levels and moisture retention.


Watering is another consideration. Eldorado Springs isn't known for having abundant water resources, so landscaping designs should incorporate xeriscaping principles. This is where you focus on using drought-resistant plants and efficient irrigation techniques. It's not only good for the environment but can also save you a lot on your water bill!


In addition, wildlife plays a big role in the landscaping here. You might find yourself sharing your garden space with deer, rabbits, and various birds. It's important to select plants that can withstand some nibbling or to implement some barriers to protect your hard work.


Ultimately, understanding Eldorado Springs unique environment isnt just about beautifying your space. It's about creating a sustainable landscape that works in harmony with nature. So, get out there and embrace the challenges! You might just end up with a garden that's not only beautiful but also resilient.

Landscape Design Principles for the Area


When it comes to landscape design principles for Eldorado Springs, there's a lot to consider! This area, known for its stunning natural beauty, really calls for a thoughtful approach. First off, we gotta pay attention to the environment. It's important to respect the local flora and fauna, so we shouldn't just plant whatever we like without thinking about how it fits in. Native plants are often the best choice, since they're adapted to the local climate and soil.


Next, let's talk about functionality. A well-designed landscape isn't just pretty; it needs to serve a purpose too. Whether it's creating a peaceful retreat, providing space for outdoor activities, or even just enhancing curb appeal, each element must have its role. Don't forget about pathways! They can guide visitors through the space, making it more inviting and easier to navigate.


Also, we shouldn't overlook the importance of balance and proportion. Too many large elements in a small garden can feel overwhelming, while a few small plants in a vast space might get lost. Finding that sweet spot is key! And let's not forget about seasonal interest. It's not enough to have a beautiful landscape in the spring; we want it to look good year-round. Incorporating plants that bloom at different times or have interesting foliage can keep things lively.


Finally, we have to be mindful of maintenance. No one wants a beautiful garden that's a headache to care for! Choosing low-maintenance plants and designing for easy upkeep can make a big difference in how much people enjoy their landscapes. So, when planning for Eldorado Springs, remember that good design is all about harmony with the surroundings and creating spaces that people will love to use. It's not just about making things look good; it's about making them feel good too!

Plant Selection: Native and Adaptive Species



Okay, the user wants me to write a short essay on Plant Selection: Native and Adaptive Species for Landscaping in Eldorado Springs. They specified that it should sound human-like with some grammatical errors, contractions, and interjections. Also, need to include parentheses, an exclamation mark, use negation, avoid repetition, and no HTML.

First, I need to make sure the essay is about selecting native and adaptive plants for landscaping in that specific location. Eldorado Springs probably has a particular climate, so I should mention that. Maybe semi-arid or something? Let me check if I remember correctly. If Im unsure, I can say something like with a semi-arid climate and adjust as needed.

Next, the user wants it to be natural, so I should avoid formal language. Use contractions like doesnt instead of does not. Also, include some grammatical errors to make it sound human. Maybe a misplaced modifier or a missing comma here and there. For example, planting non-native ones can lead to trouble, believe it or not.

Need to add parentheses. Perhaps in a sentence like Eldorado Springs (with its unique microclimates)... That works. An exclamation mark could be used to emphasize a point, like Let's not forget! or Oh, and don't forget!

Negation should be sprinkled in. Words like doesn't, won't, can't. Avoid repetition by using synonyms for plants or landscaping terms. Maybe use flora once, plants another time, species another.

Interjections like Oh, or Well, can add a conversational tone. Make sure the essay flows naturally, maybe start with a general statement about why native plants are good, talk about the environment, mention the benefits, and wrap up with a conclusion.

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Just plain text. Also, ensure the essay isn't too long, around a paragraph or two. Let me draft a sample sentence: Using native plants in Eldorado Springs not only supports local wildlife but also saves water. Oh, and let's be real-those invasive species just don't play nice with the existing ecosystem! That includes a contraction, interjection, negation, and an exclamation.

Wait, need to include parentheses. Maybe like Eldorado Springs (which is known for its hot, dry summers)... That could fit. Also, make sure to mention adaptive species, not just native. So something about plants that adapt well to the local conditions even if not native, but maybe introduced and proven to work.

Avoid repetition by varying the terms. Maybe use adaptive species once, hardy plants another time. Need to ensure that the essay isnt too technical but still informative. Use a casual tone, as if someone is just sharing tips with a friend.

Let me put it all together. Start with an introduction about the importance of choosing the right plants. Mention native and adaptive species, explain why they're good. Add some parentheses for additional info, maybe a misplaced comma or two for natural flow. Add the exclamation mark where it makes sense, maybe when talking about the benefits.

Check for contractions: doesnt, its, theyre, youll. Use negations like can't, won't, shouldn't. Avoid repeating words like plants too much by using synonyms. Interjections like Oh, or Well, to make it sound conversational.

Alright, time to write the essay with all these elements in mind. Let me review the sample again to make sure it meets all the requirements. No HTML, all plain text. Grammatical errors like missing a comma or a subject-verb agreement, but not too many to make it unreadable. Keep it short and engaging.

When landscaping in Eldorado Springs, choosing native and adaptive species isn't just smart-it's essential! Yep, you read that right. Native plants, like the ones that've been growing here for ages, know how to handle the local climate, soil, and critters. They've got the know-how to survive droughts, harsh sun, and whatever Mother Nature throws their way. Oh, and they've got those cool relationships with local pollinators, which keeps the ecosystem ticking.


Now, adaptive species are a bit different. They're not originally from here, but they've learned to cope with the environment. Just don't go picking random plants from a catalog, ‘cause some can't handle the heat or dry spells. You've got to pick wisely! Think about plants that thrive in semi-arid zones, like yarrow or Russian sage. (You can thank me later.) These guys won't demand tons of water or chemical help, saving you time and money.


Neglect this step, though, and you'll regret it. Non-native plants that don't adapt well can become invasive, choking out the locals and messing up the balance. I've seen it happen-don't make the same mistake! So, prioritize natives first, then toss in a few adaptive ones for variety. Just make sure they're not troublemakers.


In short, native and adaptive plants aren't just about looks-they're about survival, sustainability, and maybe even saving the planet. Well, maybe that's a stretch, but it helps, right? So, next time you're planning a garden, skip the fancy imports and think local. Your wallet, the wildlife, and the land will all be happier!

Irrigation Strategies for Water Conservation


Irrigation strategies for water conservation in landscaping, especially in places like Eldorado Springs, are really important. You see, water isn't just a resource; it's a necessity! With the increasing concerns about drought and climate change, we can't afford to waste it. So, let's dive into some innovative methods that can help us maintain beautiful landscapes while being mindful of our water use.


First off, we've got to talk about drip irrigation. This technique delivers water directly to the roots of plants, which minimizes evaporation and runoff. It's not only efficient, but it also ensures that plants get the moisture they really need. Plus, it's a great way to avoid overwatering, which can lead to root rot. Who wants that, right?


Another strategy that's worth considering is rainwater harvesting. Collecting rainwater in barrels or cisterns can provide a sustainable water source for gardens and lawns. It's amazing how much water can be captured from just one good rainfall. Best Landscaper Denver Colorado. Just think about it – you're using natural resources instead of relying solely on municipal water supplies!


Mulching is also an effective method for conserving moisture in the soil. By covering the ground with organic material, like wood chips or straw, we can significantly reduce evaporation. It's like giving plants a cozy blanket that keeps them warm and hydrated. And let's not forget about xeriscaping! This landscaping method focuses on using drought-resistant plants that require less water, making it a smart option for areas prone to dry spells.


Lastly, timing is everything! Watering early in the morning or late in the evening when temperatures are cooler can help reduce evaporation. We shouldn't be watering during the hottest parts of the day – that just doesn't make sense!


In conclusion, adopting these irrigation strategies can greatly benefit landscaping efforts in Eldorado Springs. Not only do they promote water conservation, but they also create vibrant, healthy outdoor spaces. So, let's embrace these techniques and make a positive impact on our environment!

Hardscaping Options and Considerations


When it comes to landscaping in Eldorado Springs, there are plenty of hardscaping options to consider! Hardscaping, which refers to the non-plant elements of your outdoor space, can really transform an area. It's not just about aesthetics, though; it's also about functionality. You might think that hardscaping is all about stone or concrete, but there's much more to it than that.


First off, you've got patios and walkways that can provide a practical way to navigate your yard. Imagine hosting a BBQ on a beautiful stone patio, right? But, it's essential to choose materials that blend well with the natural surroundings. You wouldn't want something that looks out of place or cheap, would you? Natural stones like flagstone or slate can create a more organic feel, which is perfect for the Eldorado Springs vibe.


Then there are retaining walls, which aren't just for looks; they can prevent erosion and create level areas in a sloped yard. Some folks might think they're unnecessary, but they can really add character and depth to your landscape. And let's not forget about fire pits! Who doesn't love gathering around a warm fire on a chilly evening?


Another consideration is the drainage and irrigation systems. You definitely don't want water pooling in your yard, and a well-planned hardscape can help manage that. So, don't overlook these aspects when planning your layout.


Lastly, lighting can't be ignored. It's not only about safety; it also sets the mood. Outdoor lighting can highlight pathways or create a cozy atmosphere around a seating area.


In conclusion, when you're thinking about hardscaping options in Eldorado Springs, keep functionality and aesthetics in mind. There's so much to explore, and with a little creativity, you can create a space that's both beautiful and practical. Just remember, it's all about balance!

Wildlife-Friendly Landscaping Practices


Creating a wildlife-friendly landscape in Eldorado Springs can be both rewarding and fun! Many folks think that landscaping is all about having a perfectly manicured lawn or exotic plants, but it doesn't have to be that way. In fact, it shouldn't be! We can create beautiful spaces that also support our local wildlife.


First off, let's talk about native plants. These are the best for attracting local birds, butterflies, and other critters. They're not only adapted to our climate but also require less water and maintenance. You wouldn't want to spend your weekends watering a bunch of non-native species that dont even benefit the local ecosystem, right? Plus, native plants are often more resilient to pests, so you won't need to use harmful chemicals (which is a win for everyone)!


Another great practice is to include some natural habitats in your yard. This could be as simple as having a brush pile or leaving some areas of the garden a bit wild. It might seem messy, but it's actually a great way to provide shelter for small animals. Who knew that a little chaos could be so beneficial? Also, consider adding a water feature like a small pond or birdbath. Not only does it look lovely, but it also provides a crucial resource for wildlife.


And let's not forget about avoiding pesticides and herbicides! These chemicals can do more harm than good, not just to the insects but to the whole ecosystem. You really don't want to harm the pollinators that help your garden thrive. Instead, you can use organic methods to keep pests at bay. There are plenty of natural solutions that can tackle pests without killing off the good guys!


Finally, you can make a difference by simply observing and enjoying the wildlife that visits your garden. It's amazing what you can learn when you take the time to watch! You might see a squirrel playing around or a bird building a nest. It's these little moments that remind us why we should care for our environment.


So, if you're in Eldorado Springs and looking to spruce up your landscaping, keep these wildlife-friendly practices in mind. It's not just about aesthetics; it's about creating a thriving ecosystem. Let's make our gardens a sanctuary for both us and the wildlife that call this place home!

Maintenance Tips for a Thriving Landscape


Okay, so youve got a landscape in Eldorado Springs, huh? (Lucky you!) Keeping it looking fab aint always a walk in the park, but with a few simple tricks, you can totally make it flourish. We arent talking rocket science here, folks!


First off, water, water, water. But dont overdo it, ya know?

Design retaining walls that keep things grounded and gorgeous.

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Eldorado Springs can get pretty dry, especially in the summer, but drowning your plants aint the answer. Check the soil moisture – if it feels dry a couple inches down, its time to give em a drink. Consider using a soaker hose or drip irrigation; its way more efficient than sprinklers, and it reduces water waste!


Now, about feeding your green friends. Fertilizing isnt optional if you want healthy growth and vibrant blooms. Use a slow-release fertilizer in the spring and maybe another light feeding in the fall. But, remember, more fertilizer doesnt always equal a happier plant! It can actually burn the roots, so follow the instructions on the label.


Weeds? Ugh, arent they the worst? Get em before they go to seed! Regular weeding is key. Mulch helps a lot too, it smothers those pesky weeds and helps retain moisture in your soil. Plus, it looks nice!


Pruning is also something you shouldnt neglect, especially for shrubs and trees. Remove any dead or diseased branches to encourage new growth. And dont be afraid to shape things up a bit – a well-pruned plant is a happy plant.


Finally, keep an eye out for pests and diseases, like aphids or powdery mildew, whoa! Early detection is crucial.

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There are plenty of organic solutions available if you dont want to use harsh chemicals.


Following these tips will help to ensure that your Eldorado Springs landscape looks amazing, and well, it doesnt take a ton of effort, honest!

Broomfield is located in Colorado
Broomfield
Broomfield
Broomfield (Colorado)
Broomfield
City and County of Broomfield
Flag of Broomfield
Official seal of Broomfield
Location of the City and County of Broomfield in Colorado
Location of the City and County of Broomfield in Colorado
Broomfield is located in the United States
Broomfield
Broomfield
Location of the City and County of Broomfield, Colorado.

Coordinates: 39°55′14″N 105°05′12″W / 39.9205°N 105.0867°W / 39.9205; -105.0867 (Broomfield, Colorado)[3]CountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCity and CountyBroomfield[2]IncorporatedJune 6, 1961[1]ConsolidatedNovember 15, 2001Named afterThe broomcorn once grown in the areaGovernment

 

 • TypeConsolidated city and county[1] • MayorGuyleen Castriotta[4]Area

 • Total

33.548 sq mi (86.890 km2) • Land32.968 sq mi (85.387 km2) • Water0.580 sq mi (1.503 km2)Elevation

5,348 ft (1,630 m)Population

 • Total

74,112

 • Estimate 
(2024)

78,323 Increase • Density2,248.0/sq mi (867.95/km2) • Metro

 

2,963,821 (19th) • CSA

 

3,623,560 (17th) • Front Range

 

5,055,344Time zoneUTC−07:00 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)ZIP code[7]

80020, 80021, 80023,
80038 (PO Box)

Area codes303/720/983GNIS pop ID204704GNIS city ID2409919GNIS county ID1945881FIPS city code08-09280FIPS county code08-99014WebsiteCity and County of Broomfield

Broomfield is a consolidated city and county located in the U.S. state of Colorado.[1] It has a consolidated government which operates under Article XX, Sections 10–13 of the Constitution of the State of Colorado. Broomfield's population was 74,112 at the 2020 United States census,[6] making it the 15th most populous municipality and the 12th most populous county in Colorado. Broomfield is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range urban corridor.

History

[edit]

The Broomfield post office opened on September 26, 1884.[8] Historians speculate that the town was named for the sorghum grown in the area, also known as broomcorn, which had stalks that were sold to make brooms and whisk brooms.[9]

Several railroads figure in the development of this area. The Colorado Central Railroad built a narrow-gauge line from Golden in 1873; the Denver, Utah and Pacific Railroad arrived in 1881; and the Denver, Marshall and Boulder Railway built a line through what is now Broomfield in 1886. The Denver, Utah and Pacific was widened to standard gauge in 1889. One of the early names for the area was Zang's Spur, after the railroad spur serving Adolph Zang's grain fields.[10]

The Denver–Boulder Turnpike was constructed through the Broomfield area to speed automobile travel between the state capital of Denver and the university city of Boulder. Construction of the toll road began in 1950 and the turnpike was opened to traffic on January 19, 1952, with the sole toll plaza at Broomfield with access to U.S. Route 287 through the town.[11] The toll to travel from Federal Boulevard in Adams County to Broomfield was 10 cents and the toll from Broomfield to Boulder was 15 cents, or 25 cents for the whole route.[11]

The City of Broomfield was incorporated on June 6, 1961, in the southeastern corner of Boulder County.[1] The Denver–Boulder Turnpike was a common commuting route and Broomfield became a popular residential area. On September 14, 1967, having paid off its construction and operating expenses, the turnpike was made free and became the official route of U.S. Route 36 between Denver, Boulder, and the Rocky Mountain National Park. The turnpike became the first public toll road in the United States to become free.[11]

In the 1990s, after three decades of aggressive annexation, the City of Broomfield had expanded into Adams, Jefferson, and Weld counties in addition to Boulder.[12] City leaders felt increasing chagrin with the need to deal with four different county governments, four separate county sales tax bases, and four separate court districts. They began pushing to make Broomfield a consolidated city-county similar to Denver, reasoning that they could provide services more responsively if Broomfield had its own county government.

The city sought an amendment to the state constitution to create a new county. The amendment was passed in 1998, after which a three-year transition period followed.

On November 15, 2001, Broomfield County became the 64th and least extensive county of Colorado. It is the newest county in Colorado (and in the entire United States, if county equivalents are not included).[13]

Geography

[edit]

Broomfield is located midway between Denver and Boulder along U.S. Routes 36 and 287 at coordinates

39°55′14″N 105°05′12″W / 39.9205°N 105.0867°W / 39.9205; -105.0867 (Broomfield, Colorado) at an elevation of 5,348 feet (1,630 m).[3]

At the 2020 United States census, Broomfield had a total area of 21,471 acres (86.890 km2), including 371 acres (1.503 km2) of water.[5] It is the smallest county by area in Colorado, and the 5th smallest in the United States.

Airport

[edit]

Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport is located in Broomfield.

Major highways

[edit]

Adjacent counties

[edit]
 

Climate

[edit]

According to the Köppen climate classification system, Broomfield has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk). According to the United States Department of Agriculture, it is in plant hardiness zone 6a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of −9.4 °F (−23.0 °C).[14]

Climate data for City and County of Broomfield, CO. Elevation 5407 ft
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 45.4
(7.4)
47.5
(8.6)
54.6
(12.6)
62.3
(16.8)
71.6
(22.0)
81.9
(27.7)
88.7
(31.5)
86.2
(30.1)
78.1
(25.6)
65.8
(18.8)
53.0
(11.7)
44.7
(7.1)
65.1
(18.4)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 18.3
(−7.6)
20.2
(−6.6)
27.0
(−2.8)
33.8
(1.0)
43.0
(6.1)
51.7
(10.9)
57.6
(14.2)
56.2
(13.4)
47.3
(8.5)
35.9
(2.2)
25.7
(−3.5)
18.0
(−7.8)
36.3
(2.4)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.44
(11)
0.43
(11)
1.64
(42)
2.07
(53)
2.26
(57)
1.73
(44)
1.76
(45)
1.86
(47)
1.26
(32)
1.12
(28)
0.87
(22)
0.68
(17)
16.12
(409)
Average relative humidity (%) 50.5 51.1 48.0 45.8 49.6 46.8 44.2 48.5 46.1 47.2 49.8 51.8 48.3
Average dew point °F (°C) 15.6
(−9.1)
17.7
(−7.9)
22.6
(−5.2)
28.2
(−2.1)
38.6
(3.7)
45.8
(7.7)
50.0
(10.0)
50.8
(10.4)
41.7
(5.4)
31.4
(−0.3)
22.2
(−5.4)
15.6
(−9.1)
31.8
(−0.1)
Source: PRISM Climate Group[15]

Ecology

[edit]

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Broomfield would have a Bouteloua/buffalograss (65, commonly known as grama grass) vegetation type and a shortgrass prairie (17) vegetation form.[16]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. Note
1960 4,535  
1970 7,261   60.1%
1980 20,730   185.5%
1990 24,638   18.9%
2000 38,272   55.3%
2010 55,889   46.0%
2020 74,112   32.6%
2024 (est.) 78,323 [17] 5.7%
U.S. Decennial Census

Broomfield is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The 2020 census estimated there were 74,112 people living in Broomfield.[6] The population density was 2,248 people per square mile (868 people/km2), making it the second most densely populated county in Colorado behind Denver.[18] The racial and ethnic makeup of the city was 76.0% White, 6.9% Asian, 1.3% African American, 0.6% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 10.9% from two or more races;[6] additionally, 13.4% were Hispanic or Latino[19] and, by 2023, 8.8% were foreign-born.[20]

In 2023, there were 33,563 households, of which 48.0% were married couples living together, 11.4% were cohabiting couple households, 18.7% had a male householder with no spouse/partner present, and 21.9% had a female householder with no spouse/partner present. 22.5% of households had one or more people under 18 years, and 25.6% of households had one or more people 65 years or older. The average household size was 2.28 people, and the average family size was 2.90 people.[20]

In 2023, age distribution figures showed 20.2% of residents under the age of 18 and 16.5% age 65 years or older.[21] The median age was 37.9 years and females made up 49.1% of the population.[21]

In 2023, the median household income in Broomfield was $112,139 and the median family income was $130,920.[22] The per capita income for the city was $59,679,[23] with 5.3% of the population living below the poverty line[24] and 2.7% without health care coverage.[25] By 2018–2022 estimates, Broomfield had the 3rd highest median household income among Colorado counties and the 40th highest in the United States;[26] for families, the median income was the 2nd highest among Colorado counties and the 18th highest in the United States.[27]

In 2023, the educational attainment of residents over age 25 included 97.0% being high school graduates (or higher), 58.8% holding a bachelor's degree (or higher), and 25.6% holding a graduate or professional degree.[28]

Politics

[edit]

When the county was formed in 2001, it was a swing county, and it has voted for the winner of Colorado's electoral votes since then. In the 2012 election, incumbent president and Democrat Barack Obama defeated Republican Mitt Romney by roughly five percentage points. In recent years, the county has trended towards the Democratic Party, in line with the rest of the Denver area. In 2016, it voted decisively for Hillary Clinton. Joe Biden won the county by a larger margin in 2020, and Kamala Harris won the county by an even larger margin in 2024.

As of August 1, 2025, among 56,705 active registered voters in Broomfield, 15,317 were Democrats, 10,412 were Republicans, and 29,857 were not affiliated with any party.[29]

Broomfield voters approved ranked-choice voting for municipal elections in 2021. Due to a lack of candidates and delays in the Colorado Secretary of State auditing procedures, implementation of ranked-choice voting has been delayed until 2027.[30]

United States presidential election results for Broomfield, Colorado
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2004 12,007 51.68% 10,935 47.06% 293 1.26%
2008 12,757 43.31% 16,168 54.89% 528 1.79%
2012 15,008 45.67% 16,966 51.62% 891 2.71%
2016 14,367 38.12% 19,731 52.35% 3,591 9.53%
2020 16,295 34.94% 29,077 62.35% 1,260 2.70%
2024 16,071 34.30% 29,426 62.81% 1,351 2.88%
 

Economy

[edit]
Company housing image for Monarch Mine in Broomfield, 1947

In the 1990s, Broomfield and other area suburbs experienced tremendous economic growth, much of it focused in technology.

The FlatIron Crossing mall is a large shopping and entertainment center, anchored by Dick's Sporting Goods, Macy's, and Forever 21.

Crocs, Vail Resorts, MWH Global, Flatiron Construction, Webroot, Noodles & Company, and Mrs. Fields are headquartered in Broomfield.

Top employers

[edit]

According to Broomfield's 2023 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[31] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Oracle America 1,650
2 Intermountain Health Care 1,550
3 BAE Systems 1,100
4 Hunter Douglas Window Fashions Division 950
5 City and County of Broomfield 900
6 Vail Resorts 750
7 DanoneWave Foods 600
8 Crocs 600
9 Broadcom Inc. 500
10 VMware 450

Media

[edit]

The Broomfield Enterprise is the local newspaper. KBDI-TV, the secondary PBS member station for the Denver area, is licensed to Broomfield.

Recreation

[edit]

Broomfield's recreational opportunities include the Paul Derda Recreation Center and pool, athletic fields, courts and rinks and open space and trails.[32][33]

Broomfield has an extensive trail system that connects the various lakes and parks. A scenic trail connects the Stearns Lake and the Josh's Pond memorial on the west side of town. Broomfield also has a 9/11 memorial containing a piece of a steel beam from one of the towers.

The Paul Derda Recreation Center

Broomfield also has a skate park with many different features such as bowls, a large half-pipe and several "street" obstacles.

The Broomfield Community Center (renovated in 2020) offers a wide variety of fitness classes, senior activities, and hosts swim meets and kids' camps for the whole city and county.

A few of the favorite outdoor activities of Broomfield residents are tennis and golf. There are a large number of golf courses and tennis courts open to the public. Broomfield Community Center also hosts other Denver metro cities in their center, mainly for pickleball games and tournaments.

Government

[edit]

Broomfield's leadership includes the Mayor, the Mayor Pro Tem, the City and County Manager, Attorney, and City Council members.[4]

Broomfield City and County Leadership
Role Name
Mayoral Office
Mayor Guyleen Castriotta
Mayor Pro-Tem Deven Shaff
City Officials
City and County Manager Jennifer Hoffman
City and County Attorney Nancy Rodgers
City Council Members
Ward 1
Kenny Nguyen James Marsh-Holschen
Ward 2
Paloma Delgadillo Austin Ward
Ward 3
Jean Lim Deven Shaff
Ward 4
Bruce Leslie Laurie Anderson
Ward 5
Heidi Henkel Todd Cohen

Sheriff and county commissioners

[edit]

Broomfield operates as a consolidated city-county. The city council acts simultaneously as the board of county commissioners, and the police chief is simultaneously the county sheriff. The Broomfield Police Department performs all of the duties that would normally be performed by a county sheriff's office, including operating the county jail (detention center), providing security and bailiff services for the Broomfield Municipal, County, and District Courts and the Combined Courts Building, and providing civil process in the county. The police chief can be hired or fired at will by the city council, which makes Broomfield's sheriff, along with Denver's, the only non-elected sheriffs in the state.

Education

[edit]

Since Broomfield used to be divided among four counties, students living in the city were served by the separate school districts for their county.[citation needed] While the city is now united within one county, it is still separated among 6 school districts:[34]

Of Colorado's 10 largest school districts, 4 (Jefferson County, Adams 12 Five Star, St. Vrain Valley, and Boulder Valley)[35] have sections in Broomfield.

Broomfield features two large public high schools (Broomfield High School and Legacy High School), two public middle schools, and eight public elementary schools. There are four private schools: Brightmont Academy, a 1-to-1 school for all grade levels; Broomfield Academy, with an academic preschool, an elementary school, and a middle school; Holy Family, a Catholic high school; and Nativity of Our Lord Parish, a Catholic elementary school. Broomfield also contains two K–12 charter schools — Prospect Ridge Academy and Front Range Academy, which has two Broomfield campuses.

Notable people

[edit]

Notable individuals who were born in or have lived in Broomfield (or both) include:

Sister city

[edit]

Broomfield has a sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "Active Colorado Municipalities". State of Colorado, Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved December 27, 2024.
  2. ^ "Colorado Counties". State of Colorado, Colorado Department of Local Affairs, Division of Local Government. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  3. ^ a b c "Broomfield, Colorado". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  4. ^ a b "Council Members and Leadership". City and County of Broomfield. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. November 29, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d "RACE. Decennial Census, DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171), Table P1". U.S. Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  7. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Retrieved February 2, 2025.
  8. ^ Bauer, William H.; Ozment, James L.; Willard, John H. (1990). Colorado Post Offices 1859–1989. Golden, Colorado: Colorado Railroad Historical Foundation. ISBN 0-918654-42-4.
  9. ^ O'Connor, Colleen (April 27, 2016). "Broomfield's historic train depot evokes forgotten history in Colorado". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on December 5, 2021. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  10. ^ "History of Broomfield". City and County of Broomfield. City and County of Broomfield. Retrieved April 23, 2024.
  11. ^ a b c Salek, Matthew E. (17 November 2013). "Colorado Highways: The Denver-Boulder Turnpike". Retrieved December 27, 2024.
  12. ^ "Broomfield with Legacy County Boundaries". City and County of Broomfield. City and County of Broomfield. May 10, 2022. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  13. ^ "Substantial Changes to Counties and County Equivalent Entities: 1970-Present". U.S. Census Bureau. October 8, 2021. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  14. ^ "USDA Interactive Plant Hardiness Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  15. ^ "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". www.prism.oregonstate.edu. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
  16. ^ "U.S. Potential Natural Vegetation, Original Kuchler Types, v2.0 (Spatially Adjusted to Correct Geometric Distortions)". Data Basin. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
  17. ^ "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2025.
  18. ^ "2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  19. ^ "HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE. Decennial Census, DEC Demographic and Housing Characteristics, Table P9". U.S. Census Bureau. 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2024.
  20. ^ a b "Selected Social Characteristics in the United States. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Data Profiles, Table DP02". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  21. ^ a b "Age and Sex. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S0101". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  22. ^ "Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars). American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S1901". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  23. ^ "Per Capita Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2023 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars). American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B19301". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  24. ^ "Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S1701". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  25. ^ "Selected Characteristics of Health Insurance Coverage in the United States. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S2701". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  26. ^ "Income Table for Colorado Counties — Median household income". HDPulse: An Ecosystem of Minority Health and Health Disparities Resources. National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  27. ^ "Income Table for Colorado Counties — Median family income". HDPulse: An Ecosystem of Minority Health and Health Disparities Resources. National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  28. ^ "Educational Attainment. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S1501". U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Department of Commerce. 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  29. ^ "2025 Voter Registration Statistics — July statistics". Colorado Secretary of State. Retrieved August 2, 2025.
  30. ^ Stevenson, Corbett (2025-02-12). "Broomfield won't see ranked choice voting until 2027". Broomfield Enterprise. Retrieved 2025-07-09.
  31. ^ "City and County of Broomfield Annual Comprehensive Financial Report 2023". Retrieved January 6, 2025.
  32. ^ "Parks, Recreation and Senior Services". City and County of Broomfield. City and County of Broomfield. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  33. ^ "Open Space and Trails". City and County of Broomfield. City and County of Broomfield. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  34. ^ Geography Division (December 17, 2020). School District Reference Map: Broomfield County, CO (PDF) (Map). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  35. ^ "Colorado public school enrollment declines slightly with 3,253 fewer students". Colorado Department of Education. January 18, 2023. Retrieved July 23, 2024.
  36. ^ Boslough, Mark (November 30, 2014). "F-Bomb the N-Word Out of Existence". Huffington Post. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  37. ^ Krider, Dylan Otto (19 May 2010). "Brown comes home to Broomfield for Broomstock". Broomfield Enterprise. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  38. ^ "Broomfield man reviving dad`s Disney days". Broomfield Enterprise. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
  39. ^ "Dianne Primavera's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  40. ^ "Anna Prins". Iowa State Cyclones. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  41. ^ Russo, Vince (2010). Rope Opera: How WCW Killed Vince Russo. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1550228687.
  42. ^ "Steve Schmuhl". Indiana University Athletics. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  43. ^ "Mike Wilpolt". ArenaFan. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  44. ^ "Kitty Zingano". UFC. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  45. ^ "Our Sister Cities". Broomfield Sister Cities Organization. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
  46. ^ "Membership Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
[edit]

 

Broomfield is a combined city and area situated in the U. S. state of Colorado. It has a combined government which operates under Write-up XX, Sections 10–-- 13 of the Constitution of the State of Colorado. Broomfield's population was 74,112 at the 2020 USA census, making it the 15th most heavily populated district and the 12th most populated region in Colorado. Broomfield is a part of the Denver–-- Aurora–-- Lakewood, Carbon Monoxide Metropolitan Statistical Location and the Front Variety urban corridor.

.
Commerce City is located in Colorado
Commerce City
Commerce City
Commerce City (Colorado)
Commerce City, Colorado
City of Commerce City
Commerce City Civic Center at 60th Avenue and Trenton Street
Commerce City Civic Center at 60th Avenue and Trenton Street
Flag of Commerce City, Colorado
Location of the City of Commerce City in Adams County, Colorado
Location of the City of Commerce City in Adams County, Colorado
Commerce City is located in the United States
Commerce City
Commerce City
Location of the City of Commerce City, Colorado.

Coordinates: 39°48′30″N 104°56′02″W / 39.8083°N 104.9339°W / 39.8083; -104.9339 (Commerce City, Colorado)[3]CountryUnited StatesStateColoradoCountyZZ[2]Incorporated as townDecember 12, 1952, as Town of Commerce Town[4]Incorporated as city1962 as City of Commerce CityGovernment

 

 • Typehome rule city[1] • MayorSteve DouglasArea

 • Total

36.399 sq mi (94.273 km2) • Land36.002 sq mi (93.246 km2) • Water0.397 sq mi (1.027 km2)Elevation

5,164 ft (1,574 m)Population

 • Total

62,418 • Density1,734/sq mi (670/km2) • Metro

 

2,963,821 (19th) • CSA

 

3,623,560 (17th) • Front Range

 

5,055,344Time zoneUTC−07:00 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC−06:00 (MDT)ZIP code[6]

80022 & 80037 (PO Box)

Area codes303/720/983GNIS place ID184666GNIS city ID2410212FIPS code08-16495Websitewww.c3gov.com

Commerce City is a home rule city located in Adams County, Colorado, United States.[1] The city population was 62,418 at the 2020 United States census, a 35.95% increase since the 2010 United States census.[5] Commerce City is the 18th most populous municipality in Colorado. Commerce City is located north of Denver and is a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.

Commerce City is known for being the home of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge with its only entrance located in the city. Dick's Sporting Goods Park, a premier soccer stadium facility in Commerce City, hosts the Colorado Rapids of Major League Soccer.

History

[edit]

In 1859 after fighting in Bleeding Kansas, John D. "Colonel Jack" Henderson built a ranch, trading post, and hotel on Henderson Island in the South Platte River in Arapahoe County, Kansas Territory north of Denver, from which he sold meat and provisions to gold seekers on their way up the South Platte River Trail to the gold fields during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. Henderson Island was the first permanent settlement in the South Platte River Valley between Fort Saint Vrain in the Nebraska Territory and the Cherry Creek Diggings in the Kansas Territory. Henderson Island is today the site of the Adams County Regional Park and Fairgrounds.

Among the first establishments in the modern Commerce City were cemeteries. Riverside Cemetery, founded in 1876, is located in the city's southwest corner at East 52nd Avenue and Brighton Boulevard. Rose Hill Cemetery, in the heart of historic Commerce City, was established in 1892 on what at the time was an open plain by the United Hebrew Cemetery Association.

The first school in the area began in 1871 as a one-room schoolhouse, with other schools added in 1899 and later in 1907. This latter school is now part of the North Building at the former site of Adams City High School, now Adams 14 School District Administration Buildings.

Several towns were founded in this part of Adams County in the 19th century. Derby, a Burlington Railroad station in 1887, was laid out as a town in 1889, although it was largely vacated by 1891. Irondale was first settled in 1889, named after a foundry that was opened that year. It was incorporated as the town of Irondale in 1924, but unincorporated in the 1930s due to increasing vacancy. Meanwhile, Adams City was laid out in 1903, with developers hoping the county seat would be established there; however, Brighton was elected county seat in 1904 and Adams City was vacated in 1922.

Until the late 1920s, the area was devoted to agriculture, including wheat fields, dairies, and pig farms. Industry moved in, with a refinery established in 1930 and grain elevators built in the late 1930s. Rocky Mountain Arsenal was founded in 1942 due east of the growing community.

In 1946 and 1947, Adams County School District 14 was formed from surrounding schools, and Adams City was redeveloped about that time. In 1951, as Denver was considering annexing the area, a plan to incorporate all of southern Adams County was developed. In July 1952, area residents voted 251 to 24 to incorporate Commerce Town, comprising neighborhoods such as Rose Hill and southern Adams City. Commerce Town annexed part of Derby in 1962, increasing the population over fourfold, enough for the town to gain the status of a city. The city name was duly changed to Commerce City.[7] In April 2007, the citizens of Commerce City voted more than 2:1 to retain their city's name.[8]

The Mile High Kennel Club, a greyhound racing park founded in 1949, is no longer operational. Purchased by the Commerce City Urban Renewal Authority (CCURA) in 2011, the site is an officially designated urban renewal area, which allows tax increment financing to be used as a funding source for the redevelopment. The CCURA and City Council adopted an updated Master Developer Agreement for the Mile High Greyhound Park in July 2019, and the project broke ground in October 2020.[citation needed]

A new Adams City High School has been constructed on land at 72nd and Quebec streets. This was formerly part of the Rocky Mountain Arsenal. The new school campus opened in 2009.[9]

Geography

[edit]

Commerce City comprises a downtown area, and northern community stretching north of Denver International Airport.[10][11]

At the 2020 United States census, the city had a total area of 23,295 acres (94.273 km2), including 254 acres (1.027 km2) of water.[5]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Commerce City, Colorado
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 47
(8)
48
(9)
56
(13)
63
(17)
72
(22)
82
(28)
88
(31)
85
(29)
78
(26)
66
(19)
54
(12)
45
(7)
65.3
(18.5)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 22
(−6)
23
(−5)
29
(−2)
36
(2)
44
(7)
51
(11)
57
(14)
56
(13)
48
(9)
38
(3)
28
(−2)
21
(−6)
37.75
(3.19)
Source: Accuweather[12]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. Note
1960 8,970  
1970 17,407   94.1%
1980 16,234   −6.7%
1990 16,466   1.4%
2000 20,991   27.5%
2010 45,913   118.7%
2020 62,418   35.9%
2024 (est.) 70,245 [13] 12.5%
U.S. Decennial Census

As of the census[14] of 2000, there were 20,991 people, 6,668 households, and 4,974 families residing in the city. The population density was 812.2 inhabitants per square mile (313.6/km2) under the age of 18, 11.5% from 18 to 24, 30.6% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.1 males.

The demographic breakdown of the city shows a composition of 74.15% White, 3.39% African American, 1.23% Native American, 2.46% Asian, 13.15% from other races, and 5.62% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino individuals of any race constitute 46.8% of the total population.

The median income for a household in the city was $69,268 and the median wage in the city was $54,340. The labor force was 28,684 with 31,086 jobs residing within the city. About 15.3% of families and 19.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.5% of those under age 18 and 15.1% of those age 65 or over.

 

Economy

[edit]
Dick's Sporting Goods Park in Commerce City, home of the Colorado Rapids Major League Soccer franchise

Commerce City is home to an oil refinery with a capacity of 98,000 barrels per day (15,600 m3/d).[15] Originally, this facility existed as two separately owned refineries, one on each side of Brighton Boulevard.

Suncor Energy bought the west refinery from ConocoPhillips in 2003.[16] A project to upgrade this facility began in August of that year.[17]

Suncor purchased the east refinery from Valero in June 2005 with the eventual goal of combining the two operations.[18] As a result of a lawsuit by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and a number of states (including Colorado) alleging violations of the Clean Air Act, Valero agreed in June 2005 to make pollution-reducing changes to its refineries, including the Commerce City facility. Suncor's purchase agreement included an assumption of all liability from this suit.[19]

The west refinery's upgrade project, named "Project Odyssey," was extended to the east refinery. The west plant was shut down in February 2006 to complete the upgrade, while the east plant continued to refine 34,000 barrels (5,400 m3) of oil per day. The completion of the $445 million project was announced in June 2006 and allows Suncor to meet the EPA's mandate to reduce the sulfur content of diesel fuel. It also gives the refinery the ability to process Suncor's Canadian sour crude oil sands. The combined facility is the largest refinery in the Rocky Mountain region.[20]

Parks and recreation

[edit]

The city features 840 acres (340 ha) of parks and open spaces with 25 miles (40 km) of connecting trail system. There are two recreation centers run by the city, and a pool.[21][22]

The Rocky Mountain Arsenal National Wildlife Refuge is the largest land-based, urban wildlife refuge in the United States, featuring 27 square miles (70 km2) of open lakes, wetlands, and grasslands.[21]

Education

[edit]

Adams County school districts 27J and Adams 14 each include portions of Commerce City.[23][24]

The latter district's comprehensive high school is Adams City High School.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]
 

 

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Active Colorado Municipalities". Colorado Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved July 26, 2025.
  2. ^ "Colorado Counties". Colorado Department of Local Affairs. Retrieved July 26, 2025.
  3. ^ a b "Commerce City, Colorado". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved July 26, 2025.
  4. ^ "Colorado Municipal Incorporations". State of Colorado, Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives. December 1, 2004. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  5. ^ a b c d "Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data". United States Census Bureau, United States Department of Commerce. August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  6. ^ "ZIP Code Lookup". United States Postal Service. Retrieved July 26, 2025.
  7. ^ Wagner, Alvin (1977). "Commerce Town Stops Denver Annexation". Adams County: Crossroads of the West. Vol. II. Brighton, Colorado: Board of Adams County Commissioners. ISBN 0-930952-01-4.
  8. ^ "Commerce City voters keep name the same". The Denver Post. April 3, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  9. ^ Whaley, Monte. "Old Adams City High School to be renovated". Denver Post. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  10. ^ Patterson, Kelly D.; Armon, Bruce D. (October 21, 2022). "Partisan Goals and Redistricting". Commonwealth. 7 (1). doi:10.15367/com.v7i1.551. ISSN 2469-7672.
  11. ^ Wise, Stephen (June 1999). "Extracting raster GIS data from scanned thematic maps". Transactions in GIS. 3 (3): 221–237. Bibcode:1999TrGIS...3..221W. doi:10.1111/1467-9671.00019. ISSN 1361-1682.
  12. ^ "Commerce City Weather". Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  13. ^ "US Census Bureau City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2024". census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 15, 2025.
  14. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  15. ^ "Suncor Refining and Marketing". suncor.com. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  16. ^ Raabe, Steve (November 30, 2003). "Canada's sands of gold". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on May 12, 2004. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  17. ^ "Suncor Energy's Commerce City refinery maintenance shutdown to begin February 3" (News release). Suncor Energy. February 2, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  18. ^ "Suncor Energy acquires second refinery near Denver, Colorado". June 1, 2005. Archived from the original (News release) on October 16, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  19. ^ "Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Announces Agreement with Valero Refining Company; Air Pollution Emissions to be Reduced Dramatically at Commerce City Refinery". State of Colorado, Department of Public Health and Environment. June 16, 2005. Archived from the original on September 23, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  20. ^ "Environmental and operational enhancements complete - Suncor Energy completes upgrade to its Commerce City refinery". Decisionplus.com. June 26, 2006. Retrieved November 10, 2006.
  21. ^ a b "Explore | City of Commerce City". City of Commerce City Website. January 25, 2025. Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  22. ^ "Paradice Island Pool at Pioneer Park". City of Commerce City Parks, Recreation & Golf Website. January 25, 2025. Retrieved January 25, 2025.
  23. ^ "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Adams County, CO" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. p. 1 (PDF p. 2/3). Retrieved 2024-11-05. - Text list
  24. ^ Kirk, Alexander; Jordan Chavez (August 13, 2018). "No more Mondays for students in this Denver metro school district". 9 News. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  25. ^ O'Brien, David (August 2, 1993). "Playing By The Book Dolphins Rookie Ronnie Bradford Is A Student Of The Game". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  26. ^ "Dominick Moreno's Biography". Vote Smart. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  27. ^ "Joe Rogers, Colorado's second black lieutenant governor, has died". The Denver Post. October 8, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2022.
  28. ^ "JoAnn Windholz, Rep. R-Commerce City, discusses powdered alcohol bill". The Denver Post. January 23, 2015. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
[edit]

 

Frequently Asked Questions

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