Automatic data processing equipment

Automatic data processing equipment

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Overview of Automatic Data Processing Equipment


Automatic Data Processing Equipment (ADPE) refers to a variety of devices that help in the collection, processing, and storage of data. IT services in sydney . It's fascinating how far technology has come! From the early days of punch cards to today's sophisticated computers, ADPE has transformed the way we handle information.


You might think that processing data is just about computers, but it's so much more than that. Think about scanners and printers, they play a crucial role too! Without these devices, we'd be stuck in a paper jungle, and who wants that?


Not only do we have traditional computers, but there's also a range of specialized machines that help with specific tasks. For example, there are servers that manage networks, and point-of-sale systems that streamline transactions in retail. It's incredible to see how these pieces of equipment work together to create a seamless workflow.

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One common misconception is that ADPE is only for big businesses. That's not true! Even small companies and individuals benefit from these tools. They've made it easier for anyone to access and use data effectively.


In conclusion, Automatic Data Processing Equipment is an essential part of our modern world. It's hard to imagine a day without it! So, whether you're a student, a business owner, or just someone who loves tech, ADPE has something to offer for everyone.

Types of Automatic Data Processing Equipment


Automatic Data Processing Equipment (ADPE) is a crucial part of modern businesses and organizations. It encompasses various devices and systems that help automate the collection, storage, and processing of data. There are several types of ADPE, and each serves its own unique purpose.


First off, we have computers. These are perhaps the most recognized form of ADPE. They come in all shapes and sizes, from desktops to laptops, and even tablets. They're used for everything from data entry to complex calculations. But wait, its not just about the hardware! Software plays a massive role in how these devices function. Without the right programs, even the best computers can't do much of anything!


Next up, we can't forget about servers. These machines are like the backbone of many organizations. They store and manage data, making it accessible to other devices on a network. It's pretty amazing how much information they can handle! However, its important to note that servers require proper maintenance. Otherwise, things can go haywire, and we don't want that!


Then, we have peripherals. These include printers, scanners, and even barcode readers. They might seem like small players in the grand scheme of ADPE, but they're essential for data output and input. For instance, a scanner can digitize documents, making it easier to store and process data electronically. And who doesnt love the convenience of printing out a document instead of handwriting it?


Lastly, there are specialized devices like point-of-sale (POS) systems used in retail. These systems help businesses manage sales transactions efficiently. They're often equipped with features like inventory management and customer relationship tools, which streamline operations. You can't deny how vital these systems are for keeping things running smoothly!


In conclusion, Automatic Data Processing Equipment is diverse and plays a vital role in the efficiency of modern workplaces. It's not just about having the latest technology, but also knowing how to use it effectively. So, whether its computers, servers, peripherals, or specialized devices, each type has its place in the world of ADPE!

Key Components and Functionality


Automatic data processing equipment, often abbreviated as ADPE, plays a crucial role in today's tech-driven world. It's fascinating how these machines have transformed the way we handle data. There are several key components and functionalities that make ADPE essential for various tasks!


First off, let's talk about hardware. You cant really have effective data processing without the right physical components. This includes processors (which do the heavy lifting), memory units for storing information, and input/output devices that let us interact with the systems. Without these elements, the whole setup would be pretty useless, right?


Then there's software, which is just as important as hardware. It's what gives instructions to the machines, allowing them to process data efficiently. Without the right software, even the best hardware wont work properly. Programs are designed to perform specific tasks, from running applications that help businesses analyze data to managing databases that store vast amounts of information.


Moreover, we can't forget about connectivity. In today's world, being connected is everything! ADPE often relies on networks (like the internet) to share and receive data. This connectivity allows for real-time processing and updates, making it easier for businesses to make informed decisions based on the latest information.


There's also the aspect of automation, which is a game changer. Many processes that used to take hours or even days can now be completed in minutes, thanks to advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques. It's not just about speed, either; automation helps reduce errors that can occur when tasks are done manually.


In conclusion, the key components and functionalities of automatic data processing equipment are integral to modern operations. From hardware to software, and from connectivity to automation, these elements work together to enhance efficiency and accuracy. It's hard to imagine a world where we dont rely on ADPE for our daily tasks, isn't it?

Applications in Various Industries


Automatic data processing equipment has revolutionized the way businesses and organizations operate in various industries!

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From manufacturing to healthcare, these machines have streamlined processes and improved efficiency. In manufacturing, for instance, sensors and automated systems monitor production lines, ensuring quality while minimizing waste. But its not just about making things faster; its about making them smarter too!


In healthcare, automatic data processing equipment has played a crucial role in enhancing patient care. Electronic health records keep track of medical histories, test results, and treatments, improving the accuracy and accessibility of information. However, there are challenges-privacy concerns and the need for robust cybersecurity measures to protect sensitive data.


Retail is another sector where automatic data processing equipment has made a significant impact. Point-of-sale systems not only speed up transactions but also provide valuable insights into consumer behavior. Yet, despite these advancements, some small businesses are hesitant to adopt these technologies due to the initial investment required.


Finance is yet another industry where automatic data processing has transformed workflows. Algorithms analyze vast amounts of data to detect fraud and predict market trends. Nonetheless, the reliance on these systems has also raised questions about job security, as many tasks once performed by humans are now automated.


Overall, while automatic data processing equipment has brought numerous benefits across different industries, its important to address the challenges that come with it. After all, technology is only as effective as the people who use it!

Advantages of Using Automatic Data Processing Equipment


Automatic data processing equipment, or ADP, offers a whole heap of benefits, yknow? Its not just about fancy gadgets; its about making life (and business) easier.


One huge advantage is speed. (Think of it like this,) manually crunching numbers takes ages, doesnt it? But with ADP, calculations are done in a flash! This means decisions can be made quicker, and opportunities arent missed.


Accuracy is another biggie. Humans make mistakes, its a fact! ADP equipment, when programmed correctly, doesnt. It minimizes errors, leading to more reliable results (and less frustration, let me tell you!).


ADP also boosts efficiency. Imagine having to file papers by hand! Ugh! ADP systems can store, organize, and retrieve information far, far more efficiently than any human could. This frees up employees to focus on more strategic tasks, which, frankly, is where their talents should be anyway.


And lets not forget cost savings! While the initial investment in ADP equipment can be significant, in the long run, it often proves to be cheaper. Think reduced labor costs, fewer errors, and increased productivity! Who wouldnt want that?! It isnt bad!


However, its not all sunshine and rainbows. ADP requires skilled personnel to operate and maintain it, and theres always the risk of system failures or security breaches. But, on the whole, the advantages of using automatic data processing equipment far outweigh the disadvantages. Its a powerful tool that can transform businesses and organizations, if used wisely.

Challenges and Limitations


Automatic data processing equipment sure has come a long way! But lets face it, no system is perfect. There are plenty of challenges and limitations. For starters, these machines can be incredibly expensive to set up and maintain, which puts a strain on smaller businesses. Plus, the initial investment isnt just about the hardware; you gotta factor in training costs too!

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Another hurdle is the issue of data security. With all this information being processed electronically, theres always the risk of hacking or data breaches. And dont get me started on the importance of having reliable backups – losing critical data can be catastrophic!


Then theres the challenge of integrating these systems with existing processes. Its not always smooth sailing; sometimes the old ways of doing things just wont play nice with the new tech. You know what they say about change being hard. Another limitation is the reliance on power. In areas where electricity is inconsistent or unreliable, automatic data processing becomes a real problem. Imagine trying to keep your computer running during a blackout – its nearly impossible!


Now, you might think that technology would solve all our problems, but it doesnt. Sometimes, the software can be outdated or incompatible with newer devices. Thats really frustrating when youre trying to keep up with the latest advancements. And lets not forget about user error – even the best systems can fail if someone accidentally deletes important files or enters incorrect data.


In short, while automatic data processing equipment offers immense benefits, its not without its downsides. From financial constraints to technical difficulties, there are plenty of obstacles to overcome. But hey, if we can figure out Wi-Fi passwords, we can definitely tackle these challenges!

Future Trends in Automatic Data Processing Technology


Alright, so, uh, lets talk about where automatic data processing (ADP) equipment is headed, yeah? Its kinda wild to think how far weve come, innit?

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I mean, remember those huge, clunky mainframes? We aint using those anymore!


The future, its all about (and I cannot stress this enough) efficiency and integration. Were seeing a massive shift towards cloud-based solutions. No more needing a dedicated server room humming away-everythings potentially accessible from anywhere with a decent internet connection. Think about the possibilities! Its not just about storing data, its about processing it in real-time, drawing insights quicker than ever before.


Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are, like, seriously impacting ADP. Were not just talking about running spreadsheets; were talking about systems that can predict trends, automate tasks, and even (gasp!) make decisions. Imagine ADP equipment that can self-optimize, adapt to changing workloads, and detect anomalies without constant human intervention.

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Thats where were going (hopefully not Skynet though!).


Another big trend is the increasing importance of data security. As we collect and process more data, the risk of breaches and cyberattacks only grows. So, future ADP equipment must incorporate more robust security measures, including advanced encryption, multi-factor authentication, and sophisticated threat detection systems. We cant afford to be complacent, can we?


And finally, lets not forget about the user experience. Future ADP equipment needs to be more user-friendly and accessible to a wider range of users. The days of requiring specialized training to operate complex software are (hopefully) numbered. Were moving towards more intuitive interfaces, voice control, and even augmented reality (AR) applications. Whoa! Its truly a game-changer, you know? It isnt not exciting!

Citations and other links

Internet protocol suite
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Link layer
 
Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

Examples of Internet services:

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.

IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet. Its successor is Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), which has been in increasing deployment on the public Internet since around 2006.[1]

Function

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Encapsulation of application data carried by UDP to a link protocol frame

The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing host interfaces, encapsulating data into datagrams (including fragmentation and reassembly) and routing datagrams from a source host interface to a destination host interface across one or more IP networks.[2] For these purposes, the Internet Protocol defines the format of packets and provides an addressing system.

Each datagram has two components: a header and a payload. The IP header includes a source IP address, a destination IP address, and other metadata needed to route and deliver the datagram. The payload is the data that is transported. This method of nesting the data payload in a packet with a header is called encapsulation.

IP addressing entails the assignment of IP addresses and associated parameters to host interfaces. The address space is divided into subnets, involving the designation of network prefixes. IP routing is performed by all hosts, as well as routers, whose main function is to transport packets across network boundaries. Routers communicate with one another via specially designed routing protocols, either interior gateway protocols or exterior gateway protocols, as needed for the topology of the network.[3]

Addressing methods

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Routing schemes
Unicast

Broadcast

Multicast

Anycast

There are four principal addressing methods in the Internet Protocol:

  • Unicast delivers a message to a single specific node using a one-to-one association between a sender and destination: each destination address uniquely identifies a single receiver endpoint.
  • Broadcast delivers a message to all nodes in the network using a one-to-all association; a single datagram (or packet) from one sender is routed to all of the possibly multiple endpoints associated with the broadcast address. The network automatically replicates datagrams as needed to reach all the recipients within the scope of the broadcast, which is generally an entire network subnet.
  • Multicast delivers a message to a group of nodes that have expressed interest in receiving the message using a one-to-many-of-many or many-to-many-of-many association; datagrams are routed simultaneously in a single transmission to many recipients. Multicast differs from broadcast in that the destination address designates a subset, not necessarily all, of the accessible nodes.
  • Anycast delivers a message to any one out of a group of nodes, typically the one nearest to the source using a one-to-one-of-many[4] association where datagrams are routed to any single member of a group of potential receivers that are all identified by the same destination address. The routing algorithm selects the single receiver from the group based on which is the nearest according to some distance or cost measure.

Version history

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A timeline for the development of the transmission control Protocol TCP and Internet Protocol IP
First Internet demonstration, linking the ARPANET, PRNET, and SATNET on November 22, 1977

In May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) published a paper entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".[5] The paper's authors, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the Transmission Control Program that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol at the transport layer and the Internet Protocol at the internet layer. The model became known as the Department of Defense (DoD) Internet Model and Internet protocol suite, and informally as TCP/IP.

The following Internet Experiment Note (IEN) documents describe the evolution of the Internet Protocol into the modern version of IPv4:[6]

  • IEN 2 Comments on Internet Protocol and TCP (August 1977) describes the need to separate the TCP and Internet Protocol functionalities (which were previously combined). It proposes the first version of the IP header, using 0 for the version field.
  • IEN 26 A Proposed New Internet Header Format (February 1978) describes a version of the IP header that uses a 1-bit version field.
  • IEN 28 Draft Internetwork Protocol Description Version 2 (February 1978) describes IPv2.
  • IEN 41 Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4 (June 1978) describes the first protocol to be called IPv4. The IP header is different from the modern IPv4 header.
  • IEN 44 Latest Header Formats (June 1978) describes another version of IPv4, also with a header different from the modern IPv4 header.
  • IEN 54 Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4 (September 1978) is the first description of IPv4 using the header that would become standardized in 1980 as RFC 760.
  • IEN 80
  • IEN 111
  • IEN 123
  • IEN 128/RFC 760 (1980)

IP versions 1 to 3 were experimental versions, designed between 1973 and 1978.[7] Versions 2 and 3 supported variable-length addresses ranging between 1 and 16 octets (between 8 and 128 bits).[8] An early draft of version 4 supported variable-length addresses of up to 256 octets (up to 2048 bits)[9] but this was later abandoned in favor of a fixed-size 32-bit address in the final version of IPv4. This remains the dominant internetworking protocol in use in the Internet Layer; the number 4 identifies the protocol version, carried in every IP datagram. IPv4 is defined in

RFC 791 (1981).

Version number 5 was used by the Internet Stream Protocol, an experimental streaming protocol that was not adopted.[7]

The successor to IPv4 is IPv6. IPv6 was a result of several years of experimentation and dialog during which various protocol models were proposed, such as TP/IX (

RFC 1475), PIP (

RFC 1621) and TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses,

RFC 1347). Its most prominent difference from version 4 is the size of the addresses. While IPv4 uses 32 bits for addressing, yielding c. 4.3 billion (4.3×109) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing c. 3.4×1038 addresses. Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of January 2023, most countries in the world show significant adoption of IPv6,[10] with over 41% of Google's traffic being carried over IPv6 connections.[11]

The assignment of the new protocol as IPv6 was uncertain until due diligence assured that IPv6 had not been used previously.[12] Other Internet Layer protocols have been assigned version numbers,[13] such as 7 (IP/TX), 8 and 9 (historic). Notably, on April 1, 1994, the IETF published an April Fools' Day RfC about IPv9.[14] IPv9 was also used in an alternate proposed address space expansion called TUBA.[15] A 2004 Chinese proposal for an IPv9 protocol appears to be unrelated to all of these, and is not endorsed by the IETF.

IP version numbers

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As the version number is carried in a 4-bit field, only numbers 0–15 can be assigned.

IP version Description Year Status
0 Internet Protocol, pre-v4 N/A Reserved[16]
1 Experimental version 1973 Obsolete
2 Experimental version 1977 Obsolete
3 Experimental version 1978 Obsolete
4 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)[17] 1981 Active
5 Internet Stream Protocol (ST) 1979 Obsolete; superseded by ST-II or ST2
Internet Stream Protocol (ST-II or ST2)[18] 1987 Obsolete; superseded by ST2+
Internet Stream Protocol (ST2+) 1995 Obsolete
6 Simple Internet Protocol (SIP) N/A Obsolete; merged into IPv6 in 1995[16]
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)[19] 1995 Active
7 TP/IX The Next Internet (IPv7)[20] 1993 Obsolete[21]
8 P Internet Protocol (PIP)[22] 1994 Obsolete; merged into SIP in 1993
9 TCP and UDP over Bigger Addresses (TUBA) 1992 Obsolete[23]
IPv9 1994 April Fools' Day joke[24]
Chinese IPv9 2004 Abandoned
10–14 N/A N/A Unassigned
15 Version field sentinel value N/A Reserved

Reliability

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The design of the Internet protocol suite adheres to the end-to-end principle, a concept adapted from the CYCLADES project. Under the end-to-end principle, the network infrastructure is considered inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and is dynamic in terms of the availability of links and nodes. No central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network. For the benefit of reducing network complexity, the intelligence in the network is located in the end nodes.

As a consequence of this design, the Internet Protocol only provides best-effort delivery and its service is characterized as unreliable. In network architectural parlance, it is a connectionless protocol, in contrast to connection-oriented communication. Various fault conditions may occur, such as data corruption, packet loss and duplication. Because routing is dynamic, meaning every packet is treated independently, and because the network maintains no state based on the path of prior packets, different packets may be routed to the same destination via different paths, resulting in out-of-order delivery to the receiver.

All fault conditions in the network must be detected and compensated by the participating end nodes. The upper layer protocols of the Internet protocol suite are responsible for resolving reliability issues. For example, a host may buffer network data to ensure correct ordering before the data is delivered to an application.

IPv4 provides safeguards to ensure that the header of an IP packet is error-free. A routing node discards packets that fail a header checksum test. Although the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides notification of errors, a routing node is not required to notify either end node of errors. IPv6, by contrast, operates without header checksums, since current link layer technology is assumed to provide sufficient error detection.[25][26]

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The dynamic nature of the Internet and the diversity of its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of, or suitable for, performing the data transmission requested. One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets possible on a given link. Facilities exist to examine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the local link and Path MTU Discovery can be used for the entire intended path to the destination.[27]

The IPv4 internetworking layer automatically fragments a datagram into smaller units for transmission when the link MTU is exceeded. IP provides re-ordering of fragments received out of order.[28] An IPv6 network does not perform fragmentation in network elements, but requires end hosts and higher-layer protocols to avoid exceeding the path MTU.[29]

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an example of a protocol that adjusts its segment size to be smaller than the MTU. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and ICMP disregard MTU size, thereby forcing IP to fragment oversized datagrams.[30]

Security

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During the design phase of the ARPANET and the early Internet, the security aspects and needs of a public, international network were not adequately anticipated. Consequently, many Internet protocols exhibited vulnerabilities highlighted by network attacks and later security assessments. In 2008, a thorough security assessment and proposed mitigation of problems was published.[31] The IETF has been pursuing further studies.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Economics of Transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (Report). OECD Digital Economy Papers. OECD. 2014-11-06. doi:10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  2. ^ Charles M. Kozierok, The TCP/IP Guide, archived from the original on 2019-06-20, retrieved 2017-07-22
  3. ^ "IP Technologies and Migration — EITC". www.eitc.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  4. ^ GoÅ›cieÅ„, Róża; Walkowiak, Krzysztof; Klinkowski, MirosÅ‚aw (2015-03-14). "Tabu search algorithm for routing, modulation and spectrum allocation in elastic optical network with anycast and unicast traffic". Computer Networks. 79: 148–165. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.12.004. ISSN 1389-1286.
  5. ^ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2020-04-06. The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
  6. ^ "Internet Experiment Note Index". www.rfc-editor.org. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  7. ^ a b Stephen Coty (2011-02-11). "Where is IPv1, 2, 3, and 5?". Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  8. ^ Postel, Jonathan B. (February 1978). "Draft Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 2" (PDF). RFC Editor. IEN 28. Retrieved 6 October 2022. Archived 16 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Postel, Jonathan B. (June 1978). "Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4" (PDF). RFC Editor. IEN 41. Retrieved 11 February 2024. Archived 16 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Strowes, Stephen (4 Jun 2021). "IPv6 Adoption in 2021". RIPE Labs. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  11. ^ "IPv6". Google. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  12. ^ Mulligan, Geoff. "It was almost IPv7". O'Reilly. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  13. ^ "IP Version Numbers". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Archived from the original on 2019-01-18. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  14. ^ RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. April 1, 1994.
  15. ^ Ross Callon (June 1992). TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing. doi:10.17487/RFC1347. RFC 1347.
  16. ^ a b Jeff Doyle; Jennifer Carroll (2006). Routing TCP/IP. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-58705-202-6.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference rfc791 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ L. Delgrossi; L. Berger, eds. (August 1995). Internet Stream Protocol Version 2 (ST2) Protocol Specification - Version ST2+. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1819. RFC 1819. Historic. Obsoletes RFC 1190 and IEN 119.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference rfc8200 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ R. Ullmann (June 1993). TP/IX: The Next Internet. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1475. RFC 1475. Historic. Obsoleted by RFC 6814.
  21. ^ C. Pignataro; F. Gont (November 2012). Formally Deprecating Some IPv4 Options. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6814. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6814. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 1385, 1393, 1475 and 1770.
  22. ^ P. Francis (May 1994). Pip Near-term Architecture. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1621. RFC 1621. Historical.
  23. ^ Ross Callon (June 1992). TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1347. RFC 1347. Historic.
  24. ^ J. Onions (1 April 1994). A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1606. RFC 1606. Informational. This is an April Fools' Day Request for Comments.
  25. ^ RFC 1726 section 6.2
  26. ^ RFC 2460
  27. ^ Rishabh, Anand (2012). Wireless Communication. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-81-219-4055-9. Archived from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  28. ^ Siyan, Karanjit. Inside TCP/IP, New Riders Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-56205-714-6
  29. ^ Bill Cerveny (2011-07-25). "IPv6 Fragmentation". Arbor Networks. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  30. ^ Parker, Don (2 November 2010). "Basic Journey of a Packet". Symantec. Symantec. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  31. ^ Fernando Gont (July 2008), Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol (PDF), CPNI, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-11
  32. ^ F. Gont (July 2011). Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol version 4. doi:10.17487/RFC6274. RFC 6274.
[edit]
Look up internet protocol in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
 
 

 

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to information technology:

Information technology (IT) – microelectronics based combination of computing and telecommunications technology to treat information, including in the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information. It is defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) as "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly toward software applications and computer hardware."

Different names

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There are different names for this at different periods or through fields. Some of these names are:

Underlying technology

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History of information technology

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Information technology education and certification

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IT degrees

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Vendor-specific certifications

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Third-party and vendor-neutral certifications

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Third-party commercial organizations and vendor neutral interest groups that sponsor certifications include:

General certification

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General certification of software practitioners has struggled. The ACM had a professional certification program in the early 1980s, which was discontinued due to lack of interest. Today, the IEEE is certifying software professionals, but only about 500 people have passed the exam by March 2005.

Information technology and society

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Software Testing

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Further reading

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  • Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age. p. 35-57. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa, AL. ISBN 978-0-8173-1877-2

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Information & Communication Technology" (PDF). www.un.org.
  2. ^ "Information technology". Archived from the original on 2013-08-26. Retrieved 2013-08-28.
  3. ^ "Data Communication Technology".
  4. ^ "Creative Digital Technologies".
  5. ^ "Design & technology".
  6. ^ "Communication Technology".
  7. ^ "Bachelor of Science in Information Technology".
  8. ^ "Master of Science in Information Technology".
  9. ^ "Bachelor of Computer Application".
  10. ^ "Master of Computer Applications" (PDF).
  11. ^ "AWS Certification". Amazon Web Services, Inc. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  12. ^ "Apple - iServices - Technical Training". train.apple.com. Archived from the original on 2001-12-15.
  13. ^ "OCUP Certification - Home Page". Retrieved 22 May 2016.
  14. ^ By Shamus McGuillicuddy, SearchNetworking.com."SolarWinds offers network management training and certification Archived 2009-08-28 at the Wayback Machine." June 24, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2009.
  15. ^ Haque, Akhlaque (2015). Surveillance, Transparency and Democracy: Public Administration in the Information Age. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. pp. 35–57. ISBN 978-0-8173-1877-2.

 

The Web (or web) is the worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Web protocol suite (TCP/IP) to interact in between networks and gadgets. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, scholastic, organization, and federal government networks of neighborhood to worldwide extent, linked by a broad range of digital, cordless, and optical networking innovations. The Web brings a large variety of information sources and solutions, such as the interlinked hypertext documents and applications of the Net (WWW), electronic mail, internet telephone systems, and data sharing. The beginnings of the Net date back to research study that enabled the time-sharing of computer sources, the growth of packet changing in the 1960s and the style of local area network for data interaction. The set of rules (communication methods) to allow internetworking on the Internet arose from research and development appointed in the 1970s by the Protection Advanced Research Study Projects Agency (DARPA) of the United States Division of Protection in cooperation with universities and researchers throughout the United States and in the UK and France. The ARPANET at first worked as a foundation for the interconnection of regional scholastic and armed forces networks in the USA to make it possible for resource sharing. The financing of the National Scientific Research Structure Network as a new foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other industrial extensions, motivated globally engagement in the development of new networking modern technologies and the merger of several networks using DARPA's Net method collection. The linking of commercial networks and enterprises by the early 1990s, in addition to the introduction of the Web, noted the beginning of the transition to the modern-day Internet, and created sustained exponential development as generations of institutional, personal, and mobile computer systems were connected to the internetwork. Although the Net was widely used by academic community in the 1980s, the subsequent commercialization of the Web in the 1990s and beyond integrated its solutions and technologies into virtually every facet of modern life. Many traditional communication media, consisting of telephone, radio, television, paper mail, and papers, are reshaped, redefined, or perhaps bypassed by the Net, bring to life brand-new solutions such as email, Internet telephone, Net radio, Internet tv, on-line music, digital papers, and audio and video clip streaming websites. Newspapers, publications, and various other print posting have adjusted to site technology or have been improved right into blogging, web feeds, and on the internet news aggregators. The Web has enabled and increased new types of personal interaction through split second messaging, Net online forums, and social networking solutions. On-line shopping has expanded exponentially for major stores, small businesses, and entrepreneurs, as it enables companies to extend their "brick and mortar" presence to serve a larger market or perhaps offer products and services totally online. Business-to-business and financial solutions on the Internet impact supply chains throughout entire sectors. The Net has no solitary central governance in either technical execution or policies for accessibility and usage; each constituent network sets its own plans.The overarching meanings of the two primary name spaces on the net, the Net Method address (IP address) area and the Domain Name System (DNS), are directed by a maintainer organization, the Web Company for Assigned Labels and Figures (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols is an activity of the Net Engineering Job Pressure (IETF), a charitable organization of freely affiliated worldwide participants that anyone might connect with by adding technical know-how. In November 2006, the Web was included on USA Today's list of the New 7 Wonders.

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Frequently Asked Questions

IT providers enable remote work by setting up secure access to company systems, deploying VPNs, cloud apps, and communication tools. They also ensure devices are protected and provide remote support when employees face technical issues at home.

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IT consulting helps you make informed decisions about technology strategies, software implementation, cybersecurity, and infrastructure planning. Consultants assess your current setup, recommend improvements, and guide digital transformation to align IT systems with your business goals.

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Yes, IT service providers implement firewalls, antivirus software, regular patching, and network monitoring to defend against cyber threats. They also offer data backups, disaster recovery plans, and user access controls to ensure your business remains protected.

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Cloud computing allows you to store, manage, and access data and applications over the internet rather than local servers. It’s scalable, cost-effective, and ideal for remote work, backup solutions, and collaboration tools like Microsoft 365 and Google Workspace

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